2017年ACCA学霸分享备考资料（二）

　　30.A critical success factor is a performance requirement that is fundamental to competitivesuccess.

　　31.Profitability ratios

　　①Return on capital employed(ROCE)

　　=profit before interest and tax/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%

　　②Return on equity(ROE)=profit after tax/shareholders’funds×100%

　　③Asset turnover=sales/capital employed×100%

　　=sales/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%

　　④Profit margin=profit before interest and tax/sales×100%

　　Profit margin×asset turnover=ROCE

　　32.Debt and gearing ratios

　　①Debt-to-equity ratio=long-term liabilities/total equity×100%

　　②Interest cover=PBIT/Interest×100%

　　33.Liquidity ratios

　　①Current ratio=current assets/current liabilities

　　②Quick ratio(acid test ratio)=current assets minus inventory/current liabilities

　　34.Working capital ratios

　　①Inventory days=average inventory*365/cost of sales

　　②Receivables days=average trade receivables*365/sales

　　③Payables days=average trade payables*365/cost of sales(or purchases)

　　35.Non-financial performance measures

　　Non-financial performance measures are considered to be leading indicators of financial performance.

　　①Market share

　　②Innovation

　　③Growth

　　④Productivity

　　⑤Quality

　　⑥Social aspects

　　36.The balanced scorecard:

　　①financial perspective②external perspective

　　③customer perspective④learning and innovation perspective